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On one side were supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali; on the other side was a military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. Husayn ibn Ali's group consisted of notable members of Muhammad's close relatives, around 72 men and women, of which some were either very old or very young. Husayn and some members of his group were accompanied by some of the women and children from their families. On the opposite side, the armed forces of Yazid I were led by Umar ibn Sa'ad and contained at least 4000 men. The battle field was a desert region located beside one of the branches of the Euphrates River. The battle resulted in the military defeat of Husayn ibn Ali's group, the death of almost all of his men, and the captivity of all women and children. The Battle of Karbala is one of the most significant battles in the history of Muslims. This battle also had significant effects on formation of subsequent revolts against the Umayyad dynasty. The battle of Husayn ibn Ali is commemorated during an annual 10-day period held every Muharram, culminating on its tenth day, Ashura.
Battle based on Islamic traditions
Political background
The rule of the third Caliph Uthman concluded with a violent uprising especially of radical elements in disapproval of the enrichment of the Muslim society, thanks to spoils of war and tax levied on local non Muslim populations, in addition to personal hates . Uthman was killed and for many days rebels seized and occupied the city of Medina. Under the overwhelming pressure of the rebels and Medinah population willing to get rid of them, the fastest possible, Ali ibn Abi Talib seized the caliphate. His immediate steps was to insure complete control of the Ummah by the removal of regional governors, of whom were close relatives or friends of Uthman and their replacment by his relatives Abdalalh ibn Abbas in Yemen or people close to him like Muhammed Ibn Bakr In Egypt. Muawiya upon receiving the bloody shirt of Uthman, sent by his wife Naela Ibn Alfarafesa asking for revenge (whom three fingers of her cut by rebels accompanied the shirt of Uthman), refused the allegiance to Ali before the rebels were chastised. 70 000 Syrian Muslim Men gathered in Damascus Mosque and mourned to tears the assassination of Uthman and swore vengeance. Muawiya's rebellion marked the first major strife in the Muslim community. This split resulted in three battles: the Camel, the Seffin, and the Nahrawan. The Kharijites agreed among themselves that the whole issue can be solved if they managed to eliminate the three big movers among the fighting parties, namely : Muawiya , Amr Ibn Al-As (Egypt's ruler at that time), and Ali ibn Abi Talib. As it happened, Muawiya and Amr escaped their assassination attempts, while Ali did not.
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